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The death and destruction under the Mongol Empire from the 13th century Mongol conquests have been widely noted in both the scholarly literature and popular memory. Historian Wei-chieh Tsai says, "The Mongol conquests shook Eurasia and were of significant influence in world history."〔Wei-chieh Tsai. Review of May, Timothy, ''The Mongol Conquests in World History'' H-War, H-Net Reviews. September, 2012. (online )〕 Historians regard the Mongol raids and invasions as some of the deadliest conflicts in human history up through that period. Brian Landers has offered that, "One empire in particular exceeded any that had gone before, and crossed from Asia into Europe in an orgy of violence and destruction. The Mongols brought terror to Europe on a scale not seen again until the twentieth century." Diana Lary contends that the Mongol invasions induced population displacement "on a scale never seen before," particularly in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. She adds, "the impending arrival of the Mongol hordes spread terror and panic." In addition, the Mongols practiced biological warfare by catapulting diseased cadavers into at least one of the cities they besieged.〔Vincent Barras and Gilbert Greub. "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism" in '' Clinical Microbiology and Infection'' (2014) 20#6 pp 497-502.〕〔Andrew G. Robertson, and Laura J. Robertson. "From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history," ''Military medicine'' (1995) 160#8 pp: 369-373.〕〔Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security." ''Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies'' (2014) 2#9 p 38. (online )〕〔Robert Tignor et al. ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart A History of the World: From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present'' (2nd ed. 2008) ch 11 pp 472-75 and map p 476〕 ==Background== The Mongol style of warfare was an outgrowth of their nomadic way of life, coupled with experience gained in fighting tribes such as the Naimans, Keraits, and Uyghurs. Their strategies were swift and short attacks to plunder (they supported their armies and shared food with all by law, Zasag/Yassa) and disappear quickly. There was long-standing enmity between Mongol tribes and China because Mongol nomads wanted land to graze while the Chinese feudal lords wanted to rule and tax them heavily, imposing forced manual labour upon their nomadic way of life. Living on the Central Asian steppes was complicated by seasonal cold temperatures such as zud that resulted in large number of livestock being lost during the winter, which made subsistence difficult, while nomads were not allowed emergency shelter in feudal lord-controlled lands. The nomads on the steppes did not practice farming and as a result they were highly dependent on seasonal and weather changes. Winter was extremely cold in northern Mongolia with cold winds and blizzards blowing in from Siberia through the steppes (that cannot stop the wind because of the flat surface). For instance, the average winter temperature in Mongolia can be −30 °C (−22 °F), which usually freezes the soil. The southern area of Gobi is uninhabitable for long durations because it is an extremely inhospitable desert. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Destruction under the Mongol Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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